Final Mar 30
MIN 1 +144 o10.5
KC 3 -157 u10.5
Final Mar 30
TEX 5 +109 o9.0
BAL 2 -118 u9.0
Final Mar 30
PIT 0 +114 o8.5
CIN 2 -124 u8.5
Final Mar 30
WAS 13 +151 o9.0
PHI 2 -165 u9.0
Final Mar 30
CHW 9 +131 o8.0
MIA 4 -142 u8.0
Final Mar 30
COL 14 +243 o8.0
TOR 5 -272 u8.0
Final Mar 30
ATH 0 +116 o9.0
ATL 4 -126 u9.0
Final Mar 30
LAA 2 +165 o10.0
CHC 7 -180 u10.0
Final Mar 30
TB 3 +137 o8.0
MIL 2 -149 u8.0
Final Mar 30
NYM 4 -143 o9.0
STL 2 +131 u9.0
Final Mar 30
BOS 1 -124 o8.5
HOU 8 +114 u8.5
Final Mar 30
SF 3 +102 o8.5
SD 2 -110 u8.5
Final Mar 30
NYY 1 -113 o7.5
SEA 2 +104 u7.5
Final Mar 30
DET 6 +113 o9.0
AZ 9 -122 u9.0
Final Mar 30
CLE 4 +155 o8.5
LAD 2 -169 u8.5
1  Pittsburgh
4  Chicago

Pittsburgh vs Chicago Results, Match Player Stats & Records

Boxscore

Livescore Details
Team R H E 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Pittsburgh Pirates PIT Pittsburgh 1 11 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chicago Cubs CHC Chi. Cubs 4 8 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0

Pittsburgh Pitcher Gerrit Cole G. Cole (L)

Chi. Cubs Pitcher Jonathan Lester J. Lester (W)

Game Info

Location  Wrigley Field

Temperature  0° Temperature

Attendance  38,883 attendance

Home  Chris Segal

1st  Chad Fairchild

2nd  Jim Joyce

3rd  Marcus Pattillo

Batting Stats

Pittsburgh Batting Stats Table
POS AB R H RBI BB SO LOB AVG
J. Harrison 3B 5 0 2 0 0 0 1 .229
N. Walker 2B 5 0 1 0 0 1 3 .275
A. McCutchen CF 4 0 0 0 0 1 4 .231
S. Marte LF 4 0 3 0 0 0 0 .298
J. Kang SS 4 0 3 0 0 0 1 .299
J. Hart 1B 3 0 0 0 0 2 4 .206
     G. Polanco RF 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 .250
S. Rodríguez RF -1B 3 1 1 1 0 2 3 .326
     P. Álvarez PH -1B 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 .216
C. Stewart C 3 0 0 0 1 0 2 .256
J. Mercer PH 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 .176
     F. Cervelli PH 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 .281
Totals 36 1 11 1 1 8 22

Battling

  • 2B - Starling Marte (6), Jung-Ho Kang (5)
  • HR - Sean Rodríguez (2)
  • TB - Gerrit Cole 1, Joshua Harrison 2, Neil Walker 1, Starling Marte 4, Jung-Ho Kang 4, Sean Rodríguez 4
  • RBI - Sean Rodríguez (4)
  • GIDP - Jon Hart (5)
  • Team LOB - 22

Baserunning

  • SB - Starling Marte (2 off Lester/Ross), Jung-Ho Kang (2 off Lester/Ross)

Fielding

  • DP - 1
Chi. Cubs Batting Stats Table
POS AB R H RBI BB SO LOB AVG
W. Fowler CF 3 1 1 0 1 0 1 .275
K. Bryant 3B 2 2 2 0 2 0 0 .287
A. Rizzo 1B 3 0 2 1 0 0 1 .349
S. Castro SS 3 0 0 2 0 0 2 .272
C. Coghlan LF 4 0 0 0 0 2 2 .192
J. Soler RF 3 0 2 0 0 1 0 .281
D. Ross C 4 0 1 0 0 2 2 .200
J. Herrera PH 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 .211
     W. Castillo PH 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 .167
A. Russell 2B 3 1 0 0 1 2 3 .244
Totals 29 4 8 3 4 11 14

Battling

  • TB - William Fowler 1, Kristopher Bryant 2, Anthony Rizzo 2, Jorge Soler 2, David Ross 1
  • RBI - Anthony Rizzo (23), Starlin Castro 2 (22)
  • SF - Anthony Rizzo (2), Starlin Castro (1)
  • GIDP - William Fowler (1)
  • Team LOB - 14

Baserunning

  • SB - Anthony Rizzo (2 off Cole/Stewart), Starlin Castro (2 off Cole/Stewart), Addison Russell (2 off Caminero/Stewart)
  • CS - William Fowler (2 off Cole/Stewart)

Fielding

  • DP - 1

Pitching Stats

Pittsburgh Pitching Stats Table
IP H R ER BB SO HR ERA
G. Cole (L 5-2) 6 .0 7 2 2 1 8 0 2.40
A. Caminero 1 .0 0 2 2 3 1 0 4.86
A. Bastardo 1 .0 1 0 0 0 2 0 5.40
  • HBP - Jorge Soler (by Bastardo)
  • Pitches-Strikes - Gerrit Cole 0-0, Arquimedes Caminero 0-0, Antonio Bastardo 0-0
  • Ground Balls-Fly Balls - Gerrit Cole 6-3, Arquimedes Caminero 0-1, Antonio Bastardo 0-1
  • Batters Faced - Gerrit Cole 25, Arquimedes Caminero 6, Antonio Bastardo 5
Chi. Cubs Pitching Stats Table
IP H R ER BB SO HR ERA
J. Lester (W 4-2) 7 .0 9 1 1 1 7 1 3.70
B. Schlitter 0 .0 2 0 0 0 0 0 9.53
P. Coke (H 3) 0 .1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.30
J. Motte (H 3) 0 .2 0 0 0 0 1 0 5.28
T. Wood (S 1) 1 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.45
  • Pitches-Strikes - Jonathan Lester 0-0, Brian Schlitter 0-0, Phillip Coke 0-0, Jason Motte 0-0, Travis Wood 0-0
  • Ground Balls-Fly Balls - Jonathan Lester 8-2, Brian Schlitter 0-0, Phillip Coke 1-0, Jason Motte 0-0, Travis Wood 0-1
  • Batters Faced - Jonathan Lester 30, Brian Schlitter 2, Phillip Coke 1, Jason Motte 2, Travis Wood 3

PIT vs CHCRecords

PIT vs CHCRecords

Team Table
Team W/L H/A $ RF RA Tot O/U
Pittsburgh logo PIT 17-19 8-12 -484 3.94 3.58 7.53 15-16
Chi. Cubs logo CHC 20-15 12-7 258 4.46 4.46 8.91 16-14

PIT vs CHCHead To Head

Win / Loss
6-4
Over / Under
6-2-2
Head-To-Head
Date Home Result ML O/U PIT Starter (IP) CHC Starter (IP)
May 15, '15 CHC Chicago logo 11 - 10 CHC -131 o9.5 J. Locke (3.2) K. Hendricks (5.2)
Apr 29, '15 CHC Pittsburgh logo 8 - 1 PIT -111 o7.0 G. Cole (6.0) K. Hendricks (5.0)
Apr 28, '15 CHC Chicago logo 6 - 2 CHC +100 P8.0 J. Locke (3.2) T. Wood (7.0)
Apr 27, '15 CHC Chicago logo 4 - 0 CHC -119 u7.0 V. Worley (6.0) J. Hammel (8.0)
Apr 23, '15 PIT Pittsburgh logo 5 - 4 PIT +107 o7.0 J. Locke (5.0) K. Hendricks (5.1)
Apr 22, '15 PIT Pittsburgh logo 4 - 3 PIT -110 u7.5 V. Worley (5.2) J. Hammel (5.0)
Apr 21, '15 PIT Chicago logo 9 - 8 CHC +137 o7.0 F. Liriano (5.0) T. Wood (5.0)
Apr 20, '15 PIT Chicago logo 5 - 2 CHC -103 P7.0 A. Burnett (6.0) J. Arrieta (7.0)
Sep 14, '14 PIT Pittsburgh logo 7 - 3 PIT -206 o7.5 E. Vólquez (7.0) J. Turner (4.1)
Sep 13, '14 PIT Chicago logo 6 - 4 CHC +190 o7.0 J. Locke (5.1) F. Doubront (6.0)

Pittsburgh logo Pittsburgh Record Last 10

Win / Loss
5-5-0
Over / Under
5-5-0
ML
-$110
Team - Last 10
Date vs Result ML O/U Starter (IP) Opp Starter (IP)
May 15, '15 @ Chicago logo CHC L 10 - 11 L +121 o9.5 J. Locke (3.2) K. Hendricks (5.2)
May 14, '15 @ Philadelphia logo PHI L 2 - 4 L -119 u7.5 V. Worley (4.0) A. Harang (8.0)
May 13, '15 @ Philadelphia logo PHI L 2 - 3 L -122 u6.5 F. Liriano (7.0) C. Hamels (7.0)
May 12, '15 @ Philadelphia logo PHI W 7 - 2 W -149 o8.5 A. Burnett (7.0) S. O'Sullivan (5.0)
May 11, '15 @ Philadelphia logo PHI W 4 - 3 W -166 u7.5 G. Cole (7.0) J. Williams (5.0)
May 10, '15 St. Louis logo STL W 4 - 3 W -109 u7.5 J. Locke (6.2) T. Lyons (5.0)
May 09, '15 St. Louis logo STL W 7 - 5 W -107 o7.5 V. Worley (5.0) C. Martínez (5.1)
May 08, '15 St. Louis logo STL L 5 - 8 L -110 o7.0 F. Liriano (6.1) M. Wacha (6.0)
May 07, '15 Cincinnati logo CIN W 7 - 2 W -129 o7.5 A. Burnett (7.0) A. DeSclafani (5.0)
May 06, '15 Cincinnati logo CIN L 0 - 3 L -170 u7.0 G. Cole (5.0) M. Leake (8.0)

Pittsburgh Next 3 Games

Chi. Cubs logo Chi. Cubs Record Last 10

Win / Loss
7-3-0
Over / Under
5-4-1
ML
$299
Team - Last 10
Date vs Result ML O/U Starter (IP) Opp Starter (IP)
May 15, '15 Pittsburgh logo PIT W 11 - 10 W -131 o9.5 K. Hendricks (5.2) J. Locke (3.2)
May 14, '15 New York logo NYM W 6 - 5 W -138 o7.5 T. Wood (4.1) J. Niese (6.1)
May 13, '15 New York logo NYM W 2 - 1 W -108 u6.5 J. Hammel (8.0) M. Harvey (7.0)
May 12, '15 New York logo NYM W 6 - 1 W -143 P7.0 J. Arrieta (8.0) N. Syndergaard (5.1)
May 11, '15 New York logo NYM W 4 - 3 W -145 u8.5 J. Lester (6.0) J. deGrom (5.0)
May 10, '15 @ Milwaukee logo MIL L 2 - 3 L -110 u8.5 K. Hendricks (5.1) M. Garza (7.0)
May 09, '15 @ Milwaukee logo MIL L 4 - 12 L -106 o8.5 T. Wood (4.0) K. Lohse (5.0)
May 08, '15 @ Milwaukee logo MIL W 7 - 6 W +102 o8.0 J. Hammel (7.0) J. Nelson (7.0)
May 07, '15 @ St. Louis logo STL L 1 - 5 L +107 u7.5 J. Arrieta (5.1) J. Lackey (7.2)
May 06, '15 @ St. Louis logo STL W 6 - 5 W +117 o7.0 J. Lester (7.0) M. Lynn (6.0)

Chi. Cubs Next 3 Games

Series Stats

Remaining Games - Series PIT @ CHC
Date PIT Starter CHC Starter
Sun, May 17 14:20 ET A. Burnett R (9-7 3.18) J. Arrieta R (22-6 1.77)

Series Game Records

Pittsburgh
Overall After Win After Loss
Game 1 5-7 19-17 11-6
Game 2 4-7 19-11 10-12
Game 3 7-4 18-7 13-9
Game 4 1-1 6-1 2-2
Chi. Cubs
Overall After Win After Loss
Game 1 8-4 19-13 14-13
Game 2 7-4 20-10 16-8
Game 3 4-5 16-14 8-6
Game 4 1-2 7-2 1-3

Next 3 Series

Pittsburgh
Date vs W-L Home/Away
Sun, May 17 - Sun, May 17 @ CHC logo CHC 97-65 49-32 H
Tue, May 19 - Wed, May 20 vs MIN logo MIN 83-79 37-44 A
Fri, May 22 - Sun, May 24 vs NYM logo NYM 90-72 41-40 A
Chi. Cubs
Date vs W-L Home/Away
Sun, May 17 - Sun, May 17 vs PIT logo PIT 98-64 45-36 A
Wed, May 20 - Fri, May 22 @ SD logo SD 74-88 39-42 H
Sat, May 23 - Sun, May 24 @ AZ logo AZ 79-83 39-42 H

PIT vs CHC Preview

Pittsburgh at Chi. Cubs

Last Meeting ( May 15, 2015 ) Pittsburgh 10, Chi. Cubs 11

PIT vs CHCInjury report

Pittsburgh logoPittsburgh's Injuries

Pittsburgh Starters Last Game

(* - Change In Order)

Chicago's Injuries

Chicago Starters Last Game

(* - Change In Order)

PIT vs CHC Starters Recent Games

Win / Loss
4-1
ERA
1.99
Avg. IP
6.1
Last 5
Date Score
Line O/U IP H R ER SO BB HR PIT P/IP GB:FB
May 11, '15 PHI 3 - PIT 4
W -166 u7.5 7.0 6 2 2 6 2 0 0 0.0 1.3
May 06, '15 PIT 0 - CIN 3
L -170 u7.0 5.0 8 3 3 4 1 1 0 0.0 3.5
Apr 29, '15 CHC 1 - PIT 8
W -111 o7.0 6.0 3 1 0 8 1 0 0 0.0 5.0
Apr 24, '15 AZ 1 - PIT 4
W -127 u8.0 7.2 7 1 1 7 2 0 0 0.0 3.3
Apr 19, '15 PIT 5 - MIL 2
W -170 p7.0 6.0 4 2 1 6 1 0 0 0.0 5.5
Last 5 Avg. 6.1 5.6 1.8 1.4 6.2 1.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 3.7
Last Vs Chicago
Date Score
Line O/U IP H R ER SO BB HR PIT P/IP GB:FB
Apr 29, '15 CHC 1 - PIT 8
W -111 o7.0 6.0 3 1 0 8 1 0 0 0.0 5.0
Sep 12, '14 PIT 7 - CHC 3
W -221 o7.0 6.0 5 3 3 6 1 2 0 0.0 1.7
Sep 07, '14 CHC 4 - PIT 10
W -162 o7.5 6.0 9 4 3 8 0 0 0 0.0 2.5
Last 3 Avg. 6.0 5.7 2.7 2.0 7.3 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 3.1
Win / Loss
4-1
ERA
2.87
Avg. IP
6.0
Last 5
Date Score
Line O/U IP H R ER SO BB HR PIT P/IP GB:FB
May 11, '15 CHC 4 - NYM 3
W -145 u8.5 6.0 5 3 3 6 4 2 0 0.0 2.3
May 06, '15 STL 5 - CHC 6
W +117 o7.0 7.0 7 4 1 6 2 1 0 0.0 1.2
May 01, '15 CHC 1 - MIL 0
W -182 u7.5 7.0 3 0 0 4 1 0 0 0.0 1.2
Apr 24, '15 CIN 3 - CHC 7
W -101 o7.0 6.0 5 3 3 10 1 0 0 0.0 2.0
Apr 19, '15 CHC 2 - SD 5
L -121 p7.0 5.1 6 3 3 4 2 1 0 0.0 4.0
Last 5 Avg. 6.0 5.2 2.6 2.0 6.0 2.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 2.1
Last Vs Pittsburgh
Date Score
Line O/U IP H R ER SO BB HR PIT P/IP GB:FB
Jun 24, '11 PIT 3 - BOS 1
L -160 u7.5 6.0 8 3 2 5 1 0 107 17.8 2.7
Last 1 Avg. 6.0 8.0 3.0 2.0 5.0 1.0 0.0 107.0 17.8 2.7

PIT vs CHCStats

PIT vs CHC Stats Analysis

All Pitchers
ERA AVG. OBP WHIP IP HR BB K
Pittsburgh logo Pittsburgh 3.21 .249 .309 1.24 9.0 0.7 2.7 8.2
Chicago logo Chicago 4.17 .248 .297 1.20 9.0 1.0 2.2 8.6

More Stats

Pittsburgh Bullpen REST G IP H R ER HR BB SO ERA WHIP GB:FB
Joakim Soria (R) 74 18 17.0 8 2 2 1 3 15 1.06 0.65 19:9
Last 3 3 3.0 2 0 0 0 1 4 0.00 1.00 2:1
Antonio Bastardo (L) 1 12 7.1 12 5 5 0 4 9 6.43 2.18 5:5
Last 3 3 2.1 4 3 3 0 1 2 13.50 2.14 3:1
William Hughes (R) 1 20 18.1 24 8 7 0 4 18 3.50 1.53 20:8
Last 3 3 3.1 5 3 3 0 2 2 9.00 2.10 5:2
Mark Melancon (R) 1 17 17.1 19 7 7 2 3 10 3.71 1.27 21:11
Last 3 3 4.0 7 1 1 1 0 2 2.25 1.75 3:4
Anthony Watson (L) 1 19 21.0 11 4 4 2 3 20 1.71 0.67 22:7
Last 3 3 4.0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0.00 0.50 5:0
Arquimedes Caminero (R) 1 17 15.2 13 8 7 1 4 17 4.20 1.09 16:5
Last 3 3 2.1 3 2 2 1 0 2 9.00 1.29 2:1
Bullpen Total 79 103 96.2 87 34 32 6 21 89 2.98 1.12 103:45
Last 3 18 19.0 21 9 9 2 6 15 4.26 1.42 20:9
Available Bullpen 74 18 17.0 8 2 2 1 3 15 1.06 0.65 19:9


Chi. Cubs Bullpen REST G IP H R ER HR BB SO ERA WHIP GB:FB
Fernando Rodney (R) 74 15 14.1 15 9 9 2 7 14 5.79 1.53 16:3
Last 3 3 3.0 3 2 2 1 1 3 6.00 1.33 3:2
Trevor Cahill (R) 74 8 17.2 24 17 16 2 8 8 8.47 1.81 27:6
Last 3 3 2.2 1 1 1 1 1 3 4.50 0.75 2:1
Travis Wood (L) 2 7 37.0 38 25 23 9 9 39 5.59 1.27 29:23
Last 3 1 4.1 7 5 5 3 1 5 11.25 1.85 1:5
Justin Grimm (R) 1 5 3.1 2 0 0 0 3 6 0.00 1.50 3:0
Last 3 3 2.0 2 0 0 0 2 4 0.00 2.00 2:0
Héctor Rondón (R) 1 17 17.0 17 6 6 1 4 17 3.18 1.24 20:6
Last 3 3 3.0 3 1 1 0 0 4 3.00 1.00 4:1
Pedro Strop (R) 1 19 17.0 10 8 8 1 5 19 4.24 0.88 19:5
Last 3 3 4.1 1 2 2 1 1 4 4.50 0.46 4:2
Bullpen Total 153 71 106.1 106 65 62 15 36 103 5.25 1.34 114:43
Last 3 16 19.1 17 11 11 6 6 23 5.12 1.19 16:11
Available Bullpen 150 30 69.0 77 51 48 13 24 61 6.26 1.46 72:32
Pittsburgh All Starters REST G IP H R ER HR BB SO ERA WHIP GB:FB
Francisco Liriano (L) 2 7 45.2 27 16 15 4 19 50 3.00 1.01 48:12


Chi. Cubs All Starters REST G IP H R ER HR BB SO ERA WHIP GB:FB
Daniel Haren (R) 74 7 41.1 37 17 17 8 8 28 3.73 1.09 35:31
Jacob Arrieta (R) 3 7 45.0 37 16 15 2 10 48 3.00 1.04 47:18
Jason Hammel (R) 2 7 46.1 40 17 16 5 6 41 3.13 0.99 42:32
Kyle Hendricks (R) 1 7 36.2 40 21 21 4 9 30 5.25 1.34 39:19
Umpire G W-L AVG PIT STR B STR% STR BB K/BB HR O/U
Chris Segal 0 0-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0-0


Last 10 Games
Date Score Line O/U Road Starter Home Starter
Apr 26, 2015 TB 5 - TOR 1 W -142 U 7.5 Mark Buehrle (L) Christopher Archer (R)
Apr 22, 2015 NYM 3 - ATL 2 W -129 U 7.5 Eric Stults (L) Dillon Gee (R)
Apr 17, 2015 SF 0 - AZ 9 L -141 O 7.0 Joshua Collmenter (R) Jacob Peavy (R)
Apr 4, 2015 WAS 3 - NYY 4 L -149 - Nathan Eovaldi (R) Douglas Fister (R)
Mar 24, 2015 NYM 3 - HOU 4 L -134 - Collin McHugh (R) Dillon Gee (R)


Vs Pirates
Date Score Line O/U Road Starter Home Starter


Vs Cubs
Date Score Line O/U Road Starter Home Starter


Vs Gerrit Cole (R)
Date Score Line O/U Road Starter Home Starter


Vs Jonathan Lester (L)
Date Score Line O/U Road Starter Home Starter

Some of our content has moved

Records, stats, preview and injuries can be found in the Stats tab. Props can be found in the Picks Tab.

Betting Terminology

  • M/L: Closing moneyline odds
  • O/U: Closing total and odds
  • IP: Innings pitched by the starter
  • H: Hits allowed by the starter
  • R: Runs allowed by the starter
  • ER: Earned runs allowed by the starter
  • SO: Strikeouts thrown by the starter
  • BB: Walks allowed by the starter
  • HR: Home runs allowed by the starter
  • PIT: Total pitches thrown by the starter
  • P/IP: Pitches thrown per inning by the starter
  • GB:FB: Groundball - flyball ratio by the starter

Betting Terminology

  • W/L: Win-loss record (last 10)
  • Net $: $ won/lost based on $100 bets (last 10)
  • O/U: Over under record (last 10)
  • M/L: Closing moneyline odds for the game
  • O/U: Closing total and odds for the game
  • Away/Home Starter: Starting pitchers for the game
  • Last vs: The result last time the teams played
  • Schedule Starter: Expected starter for the upcoming game

Betting Terminology

Records below refer to the game # of all series across the season. Game 1, game 2 etc.

  • Overall: Team’s season record
  • After Win: Team’s record for the game immediately after a win
  • After Loss: Team’s record for the game immediately after a loss

Betting Terminology

  • Runs/9: Runs per nine innings
  • AVG: Batting average
  • Hits: Average hits per game
  • HR: Average home runs per game
  • BB: Average bases on balls (walks) per game
  • EB Hits: Average extra base hits per game
  • SB: Average stolen bases per game
  • OBP: On base percentage
  • R: Runs allowed
  • ER: Earned runs allowed
  • AVG: Batting average allowed
  • HR: Average home runs allowed
  • BB: Average bases on balls (walks) allowed
  • IP(S): Average innings pitched by starters
  • K(S): Average strikeouts by starters
  • K(B): Average strikeouts by bullpen
  • Rest(B): % of relievers that are available to pitch today
  • RF: Average team runs for. The run support pitchers are getting

Pages Related to This Topic

PA Sportsbooks
Illinois Sports Betting
MLB Betting Sites
Illinois Sportsbook Promos
Best Pennsylvania Sportsbook Promotions

About Units and “ROI”

Units are a standardized measurement used to determine the size of each of your bets relative to your bankroll. For example, if you have a bankroll of $200 and you bet 5% of your bankroll each time, each of your units is worth $10. A bettor with a $2000 bankroll who bets 5% per bet has units of $100. We use the number of units to standardize the amount the trend is up or down across different bet amounts.

ROI is the best indicator of success and measures how much you bet vs. how much you profited. Any positive ROI is good in sports betting with great long-term bettors sitting in the 5-7% range.

Sports Betting Bankroll Management and ROI Guide

Weather Forecast

Some of our content has moved

Records, stats, preview and injuries can be found in the Stats tab. Props can be found in the Picks Tab.